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The debate around viable global governance has become increasingly topical, particularly from the perspective of countries in the Global South. Concerning Africa, despite the continent's quest to reform the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), existing research has failed to comprehensively address the topic. Consequently, this article explores the arguments and challenges surrounding Africa's drive to secure a permanent voice in the UNSC. It argues that despite the enduring legacies of colonialism, neocolonial interventions, and being the primary concern of the UNSC agenda, Africa's claim for fair representation in the Council remains. The article attempts to address the research gap and contribute to the existing debate by examining why Africa has failed to be represented in the UNSC. Africa's collective initiative towards reforming the UN system is instrumental in ensuring inclusive and sustainable global governance. Nonetheless, Africa's insistence on immediate and full veto power for new entrants and its demand for representation merely through numbers inside the UN are unfeasible.

SENSITIVE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF TRIPROLIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE DRUG IN THE CAPSULES VIA ION PAIR COMPLEX FORMATION
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Abdulrahman, Sameer A. M.

; Qazzan, Jalal Ali Mohammed

Química Nova

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2023, Volume 46 Nº 9 Páginas 860 - 866

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

The objective of this study was to develop two simple and selective visible spectrophotometric methods for the determination of antihistamine drug triprolidine hydrochloride (TRH) in the capsules. The methods were based on the formation of ion-pair complexes between TRH and two dyes, namely, bromocresol green (BCG) and bromophenol blue (BPB). The produced ion-pair complexes were measured at 415 and 410 nm for BCG and BPB methods, respectively. Beer’s law was applicable in the concentration ranges of 2.50-15.0 μg mL-1 TRH for both methods. The molar absorptivity values were found to be 2.12 × 104 and 2.07 × 104 L mol-1 cm-1 for the BCG method and BPB method, respectively, and the Sandell’s sensitivity values were 0.0149 and 0.0152 μg cm-2. The limits of detection and quantification were calculated and found to be 0.29 and 0.86 μg mL-1 for the BCG method and 0.31 and 0.95 μg mL-1 for the BPB method. The methods were applied successfully for TRH determination in bulk drug and in the capsules.

https://doi.org/10.21577/0100-4042.20230068

Investigation the inhibitory effects of AgNPs generated by Bifidobacterium spp. on bacteria isolated from ready-to-eat foods
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JAFAR, Nehan Bahaaldden

; FADHIL, Zainab Hussein

; MUSTAFA, Evan Mohammed

; SAADI, Ali Mohammed

Food Science and Technology

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2022, Volume 42 elocation e88721

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract Ready-to-eat (RTE) foods including vegetable salads are one of the most preferable foods sold and served in resturants in Kirkuk city-Iraq. Foodborne diseases endure a major problem in developing countries because lacking of personal hygiene and food safety measurements. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are nanomaterials are one of the crucial and fascinating nanomaterials involved in various fields including control of pathogenic bacteria like foodborne pathogens. Therefore, this study aims to synthesize AgNPs by using eco-friendly Bifidobacterium (a silver reducing agent), and studying their effects against a range of foodborne pathogenic microorganisms. The synthesis of the AgNPs was monitored using ultraviolet visible UV- Vis spectroscopy and Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the absorption spectra of biologically-prepared AgNPs was at wave length ranging from 200-600 nm. The AgNPs have also different functional groups such as O-H, -C≡CH, C=C stretching vibration respectively. Antagonism effect of AgNPs on Staphyloccocus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E.coli and Proteus mirabilis has been tested that isolates from (RTE) vegetable salads. Diameter of growth inhibition zone of these bacteria was determined using agar well diffusion method.

https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.88721

Structure, Characteristics and Corrosion Behaviour of Gold Nanocoating Thin Film for Biomedical Applications
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Wadullah, Haitham M.

; Ali, Mohammed Hadi

; Abdulrazzaq, Tariq Khalid

Materials Research

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2022, Volume 25 elocation e20210526

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Nanocoatings thin films are layers deposited to improve required properties and corrosion resistance as a major objective for materials that are used for various biomedical applications such as biosensors. In this study, Gold (Au) thin films with 50 nm and 100 nm have been synthesized on Ni-Cr-Mo alloys by magnetron sputtering deposition technique. X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Energy-dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy /Scanning Electron Microscopy (EDS/SEM ) have been used to distinguish the surfaces morphology. The results showed that there is no defects or micro-cracks with a uniform and homogenous film. It has spherical nanoparticles diameter morphology with 200-400 nm shaped to fine aggregation. The roughness average (Ra) decreased from 3.91 nm for 50 nm films to 3.70 nm for 100nm films with FCC crystal structure (111) for gold thin films. In vivo, after 50 nm and 100 nm nanocoated thin film by gold, a significant improvement in the localized corrosion resistance has been obtained in artificial saliva corrosive media at 37 °C compared with the uncoated surface.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2021-0526

In vitro cytotoxicity assay of Fucoidan extracted from Turbinaria conoides against cancer cell lines MCF7, A549, and normal cell line L929
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Santhanam, Revathi Chitra

; Yacoob, Syed Ali Mohammed

; Venkatraman, Anuradha

Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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2022, Volume 58 elocation e19542

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract The main aim of the study is to quantify the cytotoxic property of the Fucoidan extracted from the Turbinaria conoides using the MTT assay with the standard fucose. Fucoidan was extracted using the soaked water method and it was determined using the HPLC procedure the obtained Test sample Fucoidan extracted from the Turbinaria conoides and standard fucose was subjected to the cytotoxicity assay against the MCF7 Human breast cancer cell line, A549 lung cancer cell line, and L929 normal mouse fibroblast cell line. From the results it was found that the Test sample showed good IC50 value for MCF7 cell line then A549 with an increasing concentration 24 hours incubation at 37°C The IC50 for MCF7 was 115.21 µg/ml and A549 396.46µg/ml and the Fucoidan extract was checked for its cytotoxicity against the normal mouse fibroblast cell line L929, Fucoidan was found non-lethal to the L929 mouse fibroblast normal cell line. Standard fucose also gave a significant result towards MCF7 and against the L929. This indicates that the Fucoidan extracted from Tubinaria conoides shows better anticancer potential in it. Hence its application can be further extended in the pharmacological fields.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902022e19542

Study the effect of replacing the skim milk used in making ice cream with some dried fruit
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HASAN, Ghanim Mahmood

; SAADI, Ali Mohammed

; JASSIM, Mohammed Ahmed

Food Science and Technology

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Dez 2021, Volume 41 Nº 4 Páginas 1033 - 1040

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract Ice cream is a popular frozen dairy product over the world, and there are many types of ice cream that differ according to additives and manufactured way, the goal of this research was to prepare skim milk dried fruits powder (banana, quince peach, apples) for ice cream production. The chemical, physical, microbiological and sensory attributes were evaluated for resultant ice cream. As the results indicated there was an increase in the total solids of resultant ice cream, especially when using banana powder because of its high carbohydrate content and low pH value of all treatments as compared to the control. As well as the specific weight and viscosity, increased in most treatments as compared to the control due to the increase in the rate of total solids . while the yield decreased in all treatments due to the increased viscosity which led to difficulty of air entering to the product. The microbial content of the resultant ice cream was decreased or close to the value of the control for all treatments except for the treatments in which the skim milk was replaced by the dried banana powder, this may be due to the fact that added fruit powder is an additional factor for increasing the number of bacteria as compared with dried skim milk powder, as well as the addition of dried fruits powder result in a slight improvement in flavor. There was an improvement in the appearance of the resultant ice cream in which banana powder was used.

https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.29620 2 downloads

New flavonoid with antidiabetic and antioxidant potential from Tetrastigma angustifolia (Roxb.) Deb leaves
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Junejo, Julfikar Ali

; Zaman, Kamaruz

; Ali, Mohammed

; Rudrapal, Mithun

Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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2020, Volume 56 elocation e18806

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Ethnomedicinal survey documents the traditional practices of Tetrastigma angustifolia leaves in the management of diabetes in the North-eastern region of India. The present study was aimed at isolation of possible antidiabetic principle(s) from T. angustifolia leaves and evaluation of antidiabetic efficacy of isolated compound(s) in experimental animal model. The methanolic extract of T. angustifolia leaves was obtained by Soxhlet extraction method and subjected to silica gel column chromatography (100-200 mesh). Fraction 18-176 chloroform:methanol (70:30) yielded a pale yellow colored compound. The structure of pure compound was elucidated with the help of UV, IR, NMR and Mass spectrometric/techniques. The antioxidant activity of the isolated compound was evaluated in vitro by various radical scavenfing assay methods.. Oral acute toxicity study was carried out according to OECD guideline 423 in Wistar rats. The antidiabetic efficacy of the isolated compound was evaluated in STZ-induced diabetic rats at the dose of 5 mg/kg b.w. for duration of 21 days. The present study reports a new flavocnoid compound isolated from the methanolic extract of T. angustifolia leaves and identified as 8-hydroxyapigenin 7-O-D-glucopyranoside. The flavonoid compound exhibited potent antidiabetic (hypoglicemic) activity in STZ-induced diabetic rats with promising antioxidant (radical scavenging activity) potential in vitro.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902019000418806 218 downloads

Oral Habits: Prevalence and Effects on Occlusion Among 7 to 13 Years Old School Children in Aseer, Saudi Arabia
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Zakirulla, M.

; Alshehri, Ali Dhafer

; Hudaybi, Abdulaziz H.

; Fageeh, Sahar N.

; Alghothimi, Abeer A.

; Ali, Mohammed G.

; Almoammar, Salem

Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada

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2020, Volume 20 elocation e0005

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of deleterious oral habits and its effect on occlusion in school going children from 7 to 13 years old, in Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by clinical examination for the total sample of 750, who were attending private/ government schools in Aseer region school. Students were selected by stratified cluster random sampling. Clinical findings of each oral habits, including assessment of malocclusion, were examined involving the following parameters, i.e., crowding, spacing, open bite, crossbite and deep bite. Logistic regression analysis was conducted. Results: Boys had 26.2 % of crowded teeth, while 16.3% of girls were found to have crowded teeth; the difference was found to be significant (p=0.002). Spacing was present in 26.4% of boys and 16.7% girls; a significant difference was found between the two (p=0.002). Sleep bruxism was observed more among male subjects than females with a statistically significant difference in detrimental habits (p<0.001). Those subjects having tongue thrusting are 1.264 times at more risk of having crowded teeth than those with no tongue thrusting. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of malocclusion associated with harmful oral habits in children. This highlighted the need to implement programs of oral care and health education for preventive orthodontic treatment at an early age.

https://doi.org/10.1590/pboci.2020.094 1777 downloads

10.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, antioxidant and identification of some chemical constituents of Phyllanthus atropurpureus cultivated in Egypt
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Abdallah, Walid Elsayed

; Elsayed, Wael Mohamady

; Hassan, Rasmia Ali

; Nazif, Naglaa Mohammed

; Ali, Mohammed Ibrahim

; Abdelshafeek, Khaled Abdelhady

Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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2019, Volume 55 elocation e18083

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Investigation of the lipid constituents of the aerial parts of Phyllanthus atropurpureus resulted in isolation and identification of the fatty acid mixture which consists of eight acids with linolenic acid as major and the unsaponifiable fraction that contain a series of hydrocabons, sterols, in addition to one triterpene (α-amyrin). The acetone insoluble fraction was found to contain two fatty alcohols and three n-hydrocabons in which the n-eicosane is the most abundant (44.16%). The flavonoidal constituents were isolated from ethyl acetate and butanol fractions which were identified as: luteolin-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-(p-coumaroylglucoside), kaempferitrin, luteolin and kaempferol. Evaluation of different extracts as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChI), established the chloroform fraction as a promising inhibitor of the enzyme. The antioxidant testing with DPPH radical revealed the potential of precipitate from MeOH extract as a radical scavenger.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902019000118083 506 downloads

11.

Immobilized stearic acid as a new sorbent for on-line preconcentration and determination of lead by flow injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry
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Dadfarnia, Shayessteh

; Shabani, Ali Mohammed Haji

; Dehghani, Zahra

Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society

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Jun 2006, Volume 17 Nº 3 Páginas 548 - 554

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

O presente estudo examina a possibilidade de imobilização do ácido esteárico em naftaleno microcristalino para a preparação de microcoluna e avalia seu potencial para adsorção e pré-concentração de quantidades traço de íons metálicos. Esse sorvente apresentou alta afinidade para chumbo. Conseqüentemente, foi elaborada uma rápida estratégia de pré-concentração empregando sistema de injeção em fluxo para determinação de chumbo por Espectrometria de Absorção Atômica com chama. A pré-concentração foi baseada no acúmulo do analito na microcoluna de ácido esteárico imobilizado e subseqüente eluição por injeção de pequeno volume de solução de ácido nítrico 1 mol L-1 (250 µL). Um volume de amostra de 20 mL resultou em um fator de pré-concentração de 84 vezes e o desvio padrão relativo para soluções contendo 40 e 200 µg L-1 foi 5,1 e 1,2%, respectivamente. O procedimento foi aplicado para água de torneira, de rio e de mar, suco de maçã, folha de beterraba, urina e aço inoxidável certificado. A exatidão foi comprovada por experimentos de recuperação, por Espectrometria de Absorção Atômica com Forno de Grafite e análise de um material de referência certificado composto por aço inoxidável.

The present study examines the possibility of immobilization of stearic acid on microcrystalline naphthalene for preparation of microcolumn and evaluation of its potential for adsorption and preconcentration of trace amounts of metal ions. It was found that this sorbent has high affinity for lead. Consequently, a rapid on-line preconcentration technique for the determination of lead by Flow Injection Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry had been devised. Preconcentration was based on accumulation of analyte on immobilized stearic acid microcolumn and subsequent elution by injection of a small volume of nitric acid (250 µL of 1 mol L-1). A sample volume of 20 mL resulted in a preconcentration factor of 84, and relative standard deviations for solutions containing 40 and 200 µg L-1 were 5.1 and 1.2%, respectively. The procedure was applied to tap water, river water, sea water, apple juice, beet leaf, urine, and certified stainless steel. The accuracy was proved by performing recovery experiments, Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry measurements, and analysis of a stainless steel certified reference material.

2346 downloads

12.

Helping northern Ethiopian communities reduce childhood mortality: population-based intervention trial
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Ali, Mohammed

; Asefaw, Teklehaimanot

; Byass, Peter

; Beyene, Hagos

; Pedersen, F. Karup

Bulletin of the World Health Organization

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Jan 2005, Volume 83 Nº 1 Páginas 27 - 33

Resumo: En Es Fr | Texto: En Es Fr | PDF: En | PDF: Es | PDF: Fr

OBJECTIVE: More than 10 million children die each year mostly from preventable causes and particularly in developing countries. WHO guidelines for the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) are intended to reduce childhood mortality and are being implemented in Ethiopia. As well as specific clinical interventions, the role of the community in understanding and acting on childhood sickness is an important factor in improving survival. This trial sought to assess the effect on survival of community-based health promotion activities. METHODS: Two districts in northern Ethiopia were studied, each with a random sample of more than 4000 children less than 5 years old. Regular six-monthly visits were made to document deaths among children. After the first year, communities in one district were educated about issues of good childcare and caring for sick children while the other district received this information only after the trial ended. FINDINGS: Although overall mortality was higher in the post-intervention period, most of the increase was seen in the control area. A Cox proportional hazards model gave an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.66 (95% confidence interval = 0.46-0.95) for the intervention area compared with the control area in the post-intervention period, with no significant pre-intervention difference. Significant survival advantages were found for females, children of younger fathers, those with married parents, those living in larger households, and those whose nearest health facility was a health centre. For all of the children who died, only 44% of parents or caregivers had sought health care before the child's death. CONCLUSION: This non-specific community-based public health intervention, as an addition to IMCI strategies in local health facilities, appears to have significantly reduced childhood mortality in these communities. The possibility that such interventions may not effectively reach certain social groups (for example single parents) is an important consideration for implementation of similar strategies in future. The synergy between community awareness and the availability of effective peripheral health services is also an issue that needs further exploration.

OBJETIVO: Más de 10 millones de niños mueren cada año, principalmente por causas prevenibles y en su mayoría en los países en desarrollo. Las directrices de la OMS para la Atención Integrada a las Enfermedades Prevalentes de la Infancia (AIEPI), que tienen por objeto reducir la mortalidad en la niñez, se están aplicando en Etiopía. Además de las intervenciones clínicas específicas, la función de la comunidad en lo que respecta a comprender las enfermedades de la niñez y actuar contra ellas es un factor importante para mejorar la supervivencia. El objetivo de este ensayo fue evaluar el efecto de las actividades comunitarias de promoción de la salud en la supervivencia. MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron dos distritos del norte de Etiopía, cada uno con una muestra aleatorizada de más de 4000 niños menores de 5 años. Se hicieron visitas periódicas cada seis meses para documentar las defunciones ocurridas entre los niños. Después del primer año, se educó a las comunidades de un distrito sobre la manera de atender bien a los niños y sobre el cuidado de los niños enfermos, mientras que el otro distrito sólo recibió esa información una vez concluido el ensayo. RESULTADOS: Aunque la mortalidad global fue mayor en el periodo postintervención, la mayoría del aumento se observó en el área de control. Un modelo proporcional de riesgos de Cox arrojó un cociente ajustado del riesgo de 0,66 (intervalo de confianza del 95% = 0,46-0,95) para el área de intervención en comparación con el área de control en el período postintervención, sin ninguna diferencia importante en la fase preintervención. Se observaron mejoras sustanciales de la supervivencia para las mujeres, los niños de los padres más jóvenes, los niños con progenitores casados, los que vivían en los hogares más grandes y aquellos cuyo punto de atención sanitaria más cercano era un centro de salud. Considerando todos los niños que fallecieron, sólo el 44% de los padres o cuidadores habían buscado atención sanitaria antes de su defunción. CONCLUSIÓN: Esta intervención inespecífica de salud pública comunitaria, como medida adicional de las estrategias de AIEPI implantadas en los centros de salud locales, parece haber reducido significativamente la mortalidad en la niñez en esas comunidades. La posibilidad de que tales intervenciones no lleguen eficazmente a ciertos grupos sociales (por ejemplo padres o madres solteros) es una consideración importante a tener en cuenta a la hora de aplicar estrategias similares en el futuro. La sinergia entre la sensibilización de la comunidad y la disponibilidad de servicios de salud periféricos eficaces es también un tema que habría que seguir estudiando.

OBJECTIF: Plus de 10 millions d'enfants meurent chaque année de causes la plupart du temps évitables, en particulier dans les pays en développement. Les lignes directrices de l'OMS relatives à la prise en charge intégrée des maladies de l'enfant (PCIME) visent à réduire la mortalité infantile et sont en cours de mise en œuvre en Éthiopie. En parallèle avec les interventions cliniques spécifiques, le rôle de la communauté dans la compréhension des maladies infantiles et dans les actions prises à leur égard constitue un facteur important dans l'amélioration de la survie. Le présent essai s'efforce d'évaluer l'effet sur la survie des activités de promotion de la santé s'appuyant sur les communautés. MÉTHODES: On a étudié deux districts du Nord de l'Éthiopie d'après un échantillon randomisé regroupant dans chaque cas plus de 4000 enfants de moins de 5 ans. On a procédé à des visites régulières tous les six mois pour réunir des informations sur les décès d'enfants. A l'issue de la première année, les communautés d'un des districts ont été formées aux soins à apporter aux enfants en bonne santé et malades, tandis que l'autre district ne recevait ces informations qu'à la fin de l'essai. RÉSULTATS: Bien que la mortalité globale ait été plus élevée durant la période post-intervention, la majeure partie de cette augmentation concernait la zone témoin. Un modèle de risque proportionnel de Cox a fourni un rapport de risques ajustés de 0,66 (intervalle de confiance à 95 % : 0,46 - 0,95) pour la zone d'intervention par rapport à la zone témoin pour la période post-intervention, sans faire apparaître de différence significative pour la période pré-intervention. On a relevé des avantages significatifs en matière de survie pour les femmes, ainsi que pour les enfants ayant des pères jeunes, ayant des parents mariés, vivant dans des familles nombreuses et pour lesquels l'installation de santé la plus proche était un centre de santé. Pour l'ensemble des enfants décédés, 44 % seulement des parents ou des parents substituts avaient recouru à des soins de santé avant la mort de l'enfant. CONCLUSION: Cette intervention de santé publique non spécifique s'appuyant sur les communautés, en tant que complément des stratégies de PCIME des installations de santé locales, semble avoir réduit de manière significative la mortalité infantile dans ces communautés. La possibilité que de telles interventions n'atteignent pas efficacement certains groupes sociaux (par exemple les parents isolés) est un point important à prendre en compte pour la mise en œuvre de stratégies similaires dans le futur. La synergie entre la sensibilisation des communautés et la disponibilité de services de santé périphériques efficaces constitue également un aspect méritant une étude plus poussée.

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